Biomechanics for dummies

Overview: A thorough explanation of the tenets of biomechanics. At once a basic and applied science, biomechanics focuses on the mechanical cause-effect relationships that determine the motions of living organisms. Biomechanics for Dummies examines the relationship between biological and mechanical worlds. It clarifies a vital topic for students of biomechanics who work in a variety of fields, including biological sciences, exercise and sports science, health sciences, ergonomics and human factors, and engineering and applied science. Following the path of a traditional introductory course, Biomechanics for Dummies covers the terminology and fundamentals of biomechanics, bone, joint, and muscle composition and function, motion analysis and control, kinematics and kinetics, fluid mechanics, stress and strain, applications of biomechanics, and black and white medical illustrations. Offers insights and expertise in biomechanics to provide an easy-to-follow, jargon-free guide to the subject; -- Provides students who major in kinesiology, neuroscience, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, occupational therapy, physical therapy, physical education, nutritional science, and many other subjects with a basic knowledge of biomechanics. Students and self-motivated learners interested in biological, applied, exercise, sports, and health sciences should not be without this accessible guide to the fundamentals

Introduction -- About this book -- Foolish assumptions -- Icons used in this book -- Beyond the book -- Where to go from here -- Getting Started With Biomechanics: -- Jumping Into Biomechanics: -- Analyzing movement with biomechanics: -- Mechanics -- Bio -- Expanding on mechanics: -- Describing motion with kinematics -- Causing motion with kinetics -- Putting biomechanics to work -- Reviewing The Math You Need For Biomechanics: -- Getting orientated -- Brushing up on algebra: -- Following the order of operations -- Defining some math operations -- Isolating a variable -- Interpreting proportionality -- Looking for the hypotenuse: -- Using the Pythagorean theorem De-tricking trigonometric functions: SOH CAH TOA -- Unvexing Vector Quantities: -- Resolving a vector into components -- Composing a vector from components -- Speaking The Language Of Biomechanics: -- Measuring Scalars and Vectors -- Standardizing a Reference Frame: -- Directing your attention to locations of the body -- Referencing planes and axes -- Describing movement: Kinematics: -- typecasting motion: linear, angular, and general -- Describing how far: distance and displacement -- Describing how fast: speed and velocity -- Changing velocity: acceleration -- Pushing and pulling into Kinetics: -- Forcing yourself to understand Newton's laws of motion -- Using the impulse-momentum relationship -- Working with energy and power: -- Mechanical work -- Mechanical energy -- Mechanical power -- Turning force into Torque -- Dealing with Measurement Units -- Using the Neuromusculoskeletal system to move: -- Skeletal system -- Muscular system -- Nervous system -- Looking At Linear Mechanics: -- Making Motion Change: Force: -- Pushing and pulling: what is Force? -- Working with Force Vectors: -- Using the force components to find the resultant -- Resolving a force into components -- Classifying Forces: -- Contact and noncontact forces -- Internal and external forces -- Feeling the pull of gravity -- Slipping, sliding, and staying put: fiction in FuN: -- Materials do matter: coefficient of friction -- Squeezing to stick: normal reaction force (N) -- Describing Linear Motion: Linear Kinematics: -- Identifying position -- Describing how far a body travels: -- Distance -- Displacement -- Describing how fast a body travels: -- Speed -- Velocity -- Momentum -- Speeding up or slowing down: Acceleration: -- Constant acceleration -- Projectile motion -- Causing Linear Motion: Linear Kinetics: -- Clarifying net force and unbalanced force -- Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia -- Newton's Third Law: Law of Equal and Opposite action-reaction -- Newton's Second Law: Law of Acceleration deriving the impulse-momentum relationship from the law of acceleration -- Applying the impulse-momentum relationship for movement analysis -- Looking At Force And Motion Another Way: Work, Energy, And Power: -- Working with Force -- Energizing Movement: -- Kinetic energy -- Potential energy -- Conserving Mechanical Energy -- Powering better performance -- Work-Energy Relationship -- Investigating Angular Mechanics: -- Twisting And Turning: Torques And Moments Of Force: -- Defining Torque: -- Lining up for rotation: the moment arm of a force -- Calculating the turning effect of a force -- Measuring Torque: -- Muscling into torque: how muscles serve as torque generators -- Resisting torque: external torques on the body -- Expanding on Equilibrium: balanced Forces and Torques -- Locating the Center of Gravity of a body -- Angling Into Rotation: Angular Kinematics: -- Angling Into Rotation: Angular Kinematics: -- Measuring angular position -- Describing how far a body rotates: -- Angular distance -- Angular displacement -- Describing how fast a body rotates: -- Angular speed -- Angular velocity -- Speeding up or slowing down: angular acceleration -- Relating angular Motion to Linear Motion: -- Angular displacement and linear displacement -- Angular velocity and linear velocity -- Angular acceleration and linear acceleration -- Causing Angular Motion: Angular Kinetics: -- Resisting Angular Motion: Moment of Inertia: -- Moment of inertia of a segment -- Moment of inertia of the whole body -- Considering Angular Momentum: -- Angular momentum of a rigid body -- Angular momentum of the human body when individual segments rotate -- New Angle on Newton: Angular Versions of Newton's Laws: -- Maintaining angular momentum: Newton's first law -- Changing angular momentum: Newton's second law -- Equal but opposite: Newton's third law -- Changing Angular Momentum with Angular Impulse -- Fluid Mechanics: -- Buoyancy: floating along -- Considering force due to motion in fluid: -- Causing drag in a fluid -- Causing lift in a fluid

Analyzing The "Bio" Of Biomechanics: -- Stressing And Straining: The Mechanics Of Materials: -- Visualizing internal loading of a body -- Applying internal forces: stress: -- Normal stress -- Shear stress -- Responding to internal forces: strain: -- Determining tensile strain -- Determining compressive strain -- Determining shear strain -- Straining from stress: the stress-strain relationship: -- Give and go: behaving elastically -- Give and stay: behaving plastically -- Boning Up On Skeletal Biomechanics: -- What the skeletal system does -- How bones are classified -- Materials and structure of bones -- Materials: what bones are made of -- Structure: how bones are organized -- Connecting bones: joints: -- Immovable joints -- Slightly movable joints -- Freely movable joints -- Growing and changing bone: -- Changing bone dimensions -- Stressing bone: the effects of physical activity and inactivity -- Touching A Nerve: Neural Considerations In Biomechanics: -- Monitoring and controlling the body: the roles of the nervous system -- Outlining the nervous system: -- Central nervous system -- Peripheral nervous system -- Zeroing in on neurons: -- Parts of neurons -- Types of neurons -- Controlling motor units: -- Motor unit recruitment -- Rate coding -- Muscling Segments Around: Muscle Biomechanics: -- Characterizing muscle -- Seeing how skeletal muscles are structured: -- Macrostructure of muscles -- Microstructure of muscle fibers -- Comparing types of muscle activity: -- Isometric activity -- Concentric activity -- Eccentric activity -- Producing muscle force: -- Relating muscle length and tension -- Relating muscle velocity and tension -- Stretching before shortening: the key to optimal muscle force -- Applying Biomechanics: -- Eyeballing Performance: Qualitative Analysis: -- Serving as a movement analyst -- Evaluating the performance: -- Identifying the goal of the movement -- Specifying the mechanical objective -- Determining whether the goal has been reached -- Troubleshooting the performance: -- Constraints on performance -- Technique errors -- Pitching by the phases -- Intervening to improve the performance: -- Adapting the constraints on throwing performance -- Refining technique -- Putting A Number On Performance: Quantitative Analysis: -- Converting continuous data to numbers -- Measuring Kinematics: Motion-Capture Systems: -- Collecting kinematic data -- Processing kinematic data -- Measuring Kinetics: Force Platform Systems: -- Collecting kinetic data -- Processing kinetic data -- Recording Muscle Activity: Electromyography: -- Collecting the electromyogram -- Processing the electromyogram -- Furthering Biomechanics: Research Applications: -- Exercising in space -- Repairing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament -- Running like our ancestors -- Protecting our beans: Helmet Design -- Balancing on two legs: harder than you think -- Investigating Forensic Biomechanics: How Did It Happen?: -- Collection information for a Forensic Biomechanics Analysis: -- Witness accounts -- Police incident investigation reports -- Medical records -- Determining the mechanism of injury -- Evaluating different scenarios: -- Ending up on the far side of the road -- Landing in water with a broken jaw -- Parts Of Tens: -- Ten Online Resources For Biomechanics: -- Exploratorium -- Physics classroom -- Coaches info -- Textbook-related websites -- Topend sports -- Dr Mike Marshall's pitching coach services -- Waterloo's Dr Spine, Stuart McGill -- Skeletal bio lab -- Biomch-L -- American Society of Biomechanics -- Ten Things You May Not Know About Biomechanics: -- Looking at how biomechanics got its start -- Adding realism to entertainment -- Developing safer motor vehicles -- Improving the on-shelf quality of fruits and vegetables -- Fitting footwear to the activity -- Banning Biomechanically improved sport techniques -- Re-creating dinosaurs -- Designing universally and ergonomically -- Giving a hand to prosthetics design -- Losing weight to help your joints -- Ten Ways To Succeed In Your Biomechanics Course: -- Go to class and ask questions -- Read the textbook -- Do the problems and review questions at the end of the chapter -- Create flashcards -- Go to office hours -- Form a study group with classmates -- Accept and apply Newton as the foundation of movement analysis -- Talk fluent biomechanics with your classmates -- Volunteer for research projects -- Attend a Biomechanics Conference -- Index

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